Colectomy Procedure

Colectomy involves surgical removal of a portion (partial) or the entire (total) colon to treat cancer, diverticulitis, or inflammatory bowel disease. While preserving bowel function when possible, it may require an ostomy bag temporarily or permanently, depending on the extent of resection and reconstruction

Proctectomy Surgery

Proctectomy removes part or all of the rectum to treat cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, or severe dysfunction. Sphincter-sparing techniques may preserve natural bowel continuity with a coloanal anastomosis, but some cases require a permanent colostomy. Recovery involves adapting to altered bowel function.

Low Anterior Resection (LAR)

Low Anterior Resection (LAR) removes the upper rectum and part of the sigmoid colon for mid-to-upper rectal cancers, then reconnects the colon to the remaining rectum (anastomosis). It preserves anal sphincter function, avoiding a permanent stoma, but may cause low anterior resection syndrome (LARS).

Abdominoperineal Resection (APR)

Abdominoperineal Resection (APR) removes the rectum, anus, and surrounding tissues for very low rectal cancers, requiring a permanent colostomy. This ensures complete tumor excision but sacrifices bowel continuity, with recovery focused on stoma care and pelvic floor adaptation.

Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cance

Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer uses drugs like *5-FU*, oxaliplatin, or irinotecan pre- (neoadjuvant) or post-surgery (adjuvant) to shrink tumors, eliminate micrometastases, or treat advanced disease. While improving survival, it can cause neuropathy (oxaliplatin) or diarrhea (irinotecan), requiring dose management.

Radiation Therapy for Rectal Cancer

Radiation Therapy for Rectal Cancer primarily uses IMRT or IGRT to deliver precise neoadjuvant radiation, shrinking tumors before surgery to improve resectability and sphincter preservation. It reduces local recurrence rates but may cause temporary pelvic discomfort or bowel urgency.

Targeted Therapy for Colorectal Cancer

Targeted Therapy for Colorectal Cancer uses drugs like bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) or cetuximab (anti-EGFR, KRAS wild-type only) to inhibit tumor growth pathways in advanced cases. Biomarker testing (e.g., KRAS/NRAS) guides selection, improving efficacy but risking specific side effects like hypertension or skin rash. 

Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer 

Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer uses checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab or nivolumab for patients with MSI-H/dMMR or other specific genetic subtypes. These drugs unleash the immune system against tumors, offering durable responses in eligible patients but requiring biomarker testing for efficacy.